The hallmarks of ageing

Assembled from 17 blocks · 1 evidence · 19 related

1. Story
2. The organising framework proposed by López-Otín, Blasco, Partridge, Serrano and Kroemer in 2013, which listed nine candidate processes — genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication — each required to manifest with age, to accelerate ageing when experimentally worsened, and to retard it when experimentally improved. The 2023 revision expanded the list to twelve, adding disabled macroautophagy, chronic inflammation and dysbiosis. The framework is the field's common vocabulary and it is worth reading for what it does not claim: it is a set of criteria for candidate mechanisms, not a demonstration that any of them causes ageing in humans, and the authors are explicit that the hallmarks are interconnected in ways that make single-target intervention unlikely to be sufficient.
3. Knowledge
4. The hallmarks of ageing
5. Model organism lifespan research
6. Connections
7. Cellular senescence
8. Model organism lifespan research
9. The hallmarks of ageing are formalised
10. The hallmarks of ageing
11. Caenorhabditis elegans
12. Caloric restriction
13. NIA Interventions Testing Program
14. A single-gene mutation doubles nematode lifespan
15. The NIA Interventions Testing Program begins
16. Evidence
17. Supports the hallmark framework, its three inclusion criteria and the expansion from nine to twelve hallmarks. V55 verification basis: neither paper was retrieved; the enumerated hallmark list must be checked against the originals.