Gulf Stream

Assembled from 57 blocks · 3 evidence · 91 related

1. Story
2. The western boundary current of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, and the upper limb of the Atlantic overturning where the two coincide. It emerges from the Straits of Florida as the Florida Current, where a submarine telecommunications cable between West Palm Beach and Eight Mile Rock on Grand Bahama has measured its transport near 27°N almost continuously since 1982 at a long-term mean of about 32 sverdrups. Transport grows downstream as the current entrains water from the gyre interior — roughly 85 Sv near Cape Hatteras and about 150 Sv near 65°W before it decays. At Cape Hatteras the current leaves the continental shelf and turns into open water, becoming a meandering, eddy-shedding jet rather than a coastal flow. Northward ocean heat transport across 26°N, which the Gulf Stream dominates, has been measured since 2004 at roughly 1.25 petawatts.
3. Knowledge
4. North Atlantic — Grand Banks approaches
5. North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre
6. Western Intensification of Wind-Driven Gyres
7. Gulf Stream
8. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
9. Connections
10. Western Intensification of Wind-Driven Gyres
11. North Atlantic — Grand Banks approaches
12. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
13. North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre
14. RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS Array at 26.5°N
15. The Gulf Stream is charted to explain slow mail
16. Maury issues the Wind and Current Chart of the North Atlantic
17. The Physical Geography of the Sea is published
18. The Gulf Stream is found not to explain Europe's mild winters
19. North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre
20. Gulf Stream
21. Kuroshio
22. Henry Stommel
23. Stommel explains why the fast currents are on the west
24. RMS Titanic
25. North Atlantic iceberg drift
26. Titanic wreck site
27. International Ice Patrol
28. Baltic's ice warning handed to Ismay and pocketed
29. Mesaba reports heavy pack ice and bergs directly ahead
30. Iceberg sighted and struck
31. Titanic founders
32. International Ice Patrol established
33. Gulf Stream
34. Southern Ocean
35. Labrador Sea
36. The RAPID array begins continuous AMOC measurement at 26.5°N
37. Gulf Stream
38. Thermohaline Circulation
39. Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
40. North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
41. RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS Array at 26.5°N
42. Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP)
43. Meridional Ocean Heat Transport
44. The RAPID array begins continuous AMOC measurement at 26.5°N
45. OSNAP moves the engine room out of the Labrador Sea
46. IPCC AR6 assesses AMOC decline as very likely and collapse as unlikely this century
47. A statistical early-warning analysis puts an AMOC collapse mid-century
48. A physics-based early warning signal is proposed
49. Twenty-two years of continuous AMOC observation
50. Ekman Transport and the Ekman Spiral
51. Western Intensification of Wind-Driven Gyres
52. Gulf Stream
53. Stommel explains why the fast currents are on the west
54. Evidence
55. Daily Florida Current transport is derived from voltages induced on a submarine telecommunications cable across the Straits of Florida near 27°N, between West Palm Beach and Eight Mile Rock on Grand Bahama, measured near-continuously since 1982; the long-term mean is 32 Sv, where 1 Sv = 10⁶ m³ s⁻¹. Read via search summary; the AOML domain is blocked to this run.
56. Gulf Stream transport grows downstream from about 30 Sv in the Florida Current to roughly 85 Sv near Cape Hatteras and about 150 Sv near 65°W; glider-based estimates give 57.3 ± 1.9 Sv above 1,000 m at Cape Hatteras and 75.6 ± 4.7 Sv at Line W. Read via search summary; the paper was not fetched and the two sets of figures are not directly comparable because they integrate over different depth ranges.
57. The RAPID array at 26.5°N gives a mean AMOC of 17.0 Sv (s.d. 2.8 Sv) for April 2004 to January 2023 and a weakening of 1.0 [0.4–1.6] Sv per decade; the trend is not expected to exceed a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 until the 2040s. Read via search summary; the paper itself could not be fetched because the publisher domain is blocked to this run.