Southern Ocean

Assembled from 76 blocks · 2 evidence · 129 related

1. Story
2. The band of water circling Antarctica, unbounded to the east and west, which is the reason the world ocean behaves as one system rather than three. Its westerly winds drive the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and pull deep water back to the surface; its shelves make the densest water on the planet. It is also the planet's main heat and carbon sink: the region south of about 30°S takes up roughly 40 per cent of the ocean's anthropogenic carbon dioxide, and estimates of its share of ocean heat uptake over the historical period run higher still, though with wide uncertainty. What happens here is not local — a change in Southern Ocean density propagates into the abyss of every other basin.
3. Knowledge
4. North Atlantic — Grand Banks approaches
5. Antarctica
6. Thermohaline Circulation
7. Southern Ocean
8. Connections
9. Antarctic Blue Whale (B. m. intermedia)
10. Antarctic Summer Feeding Migration
11. South Georgia
12. Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
13. Seasonal Krill Aggregation
14. The factory ship Lancing takes a stern slipway south
15. The Antarctic blue whale catch reaches its all-time peak
16. The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary is adopted
17. Dedicated Antarctic Blue Whale Project voyages
18. Baleen whale consumption is re-measured, and the krill paradox sharpens
19. The only published Antarctic blue whale satellite tracks are released as data
20. Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)
21. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea)
22. CCAMLR is agreed at Canberra
23. A long-term decline in krill density is linked to winter sea ice
24. CCAMLR adopts the Ross Sea marine protected area
25. Antarctic sea ice reaches a record low, a year after the previous one
26. Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
27. Antarctica
28. Thermohaline Circulation
29. North Atlantic — Grand Banks approaches
30. Weddell Sea
31. A circumpolar current becomes possible
32. Antarctic meltwater is projected to slow the abyssal cell
33. A physics-based early warning signal is proposed
34. Arctic Ocean
35. Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
36. Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)
37. Halley Bay Emperor Penguin Colony
38. The Antarctic Treaty (1959)
39. McMurdo Station
40. Vostok Station
41. Cook crosses the Antarctic Circle
42. Antarctica is sighted - by whom is disputed
43. Amundsen reaches the South Pole
44. Scott reaches the South Pole and finds he is second
45. The International Geophysical Year puts twelve nations on the ice at once
46. The Antarctic Treaty is signed at Washington
47. The continuous satellite sea-ice record begins
48. Vostok records minus 89.2 degrees Celsius
49. Antarctic sea ice reaches a record low, a year after the previous one
50. The Madrid Protocol becomes open to a review conference
51. Southern Ocean
52. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
53. Coastal and Equatorial Upwelling
54. Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
55. Southern Ocean
56. Argo Profiling Float Array
57. Wallace Broecker
58. The great ocean conveyor is drawn
59. The Argo design array is completed
60. IPCC AR6 assesses AMOC decline as very likely and collapse as unlikely this century
61. RMS Titanic
62. North Atlantic iceberg drift
63. Titanic wreck site
64. International Ice Patrol
65. Baltic's ice warning handed to Ismay and pocketed
66. Mesaba reports heavy pack ice and bergs directly ahead
67. Iceberg sighted and struck
68. Titanic founders
69. International Ice Patrol established
70. Gulf Stream
71. Southern Ocean
72. Labrador Sea
73. The RAPID array begins continuous AMOC measurement at 26.5°N
74. Evidence
75. The Southern Ocean south of 30°S accounts for roughly 40 per cent (43 ± 3 per cent in the models assessed) of the global ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide while occupying about 30 per cent of the global ocean area. Read via search summary; the article was not fetched, and heat-uptake shares quoted in later literature vary widely and are not asserted here.
76. Continuous Drake Passage observations from 2007 to 2011 give a mean ACC transport of 173.3 Sv — barotropic 45.6 ± 8.9 Sv plus baroclinic 127.7 Sv relative to zero at the seafloor — about 30 per cent above the canonical benchmark value. Figures taken from search summaries of the abstract; the article is on a blocked publisher domain.