Bekenstein assigns entropy to a black hole
Jacob Bekenstein published the argument that a black hole must carry entropy proportional to the area of its horizon, in order that the second law of thermodynamics survive the act of dropping a hot gas into one. The proposal was resisted, because entropy implies temperature and temperature implies radiation, and black holes were by definition objects from which nothing emerges. Shakura and Sunyaev published their accretion disc model in the same year, so 1973 supplied both the thermodynamic problem and the standard description of the material outside.
Historical — it happened, and the record is settled.
Subjects
- Black hole entropy · concept · not located
- Jacob Bekenstein · person · Israel / United States · not located
- Accretion disc · phenomenon · not located
Evidence
Partly verified — Core facts are sourced; some optional detail is deliberately absent. This is the standing of the weakest source, not an average.
Black Holes and Entropy
Proposes that a black hole carries entropy proportional to the area of its horizon, in order to preserve the second law of thermodynamics. V55 VERIFICATION BASIS: not consulted in session; no research tool was available. Volume and page are from recall and must be checked.
Physical Review D · 1973 · Partly verified
Jacob D. Bekenstein, Physical Review D 7, 2333 (1973)
Black Holes in Binary Systems. Observational Appearance
The standard thin accretion disc model, parameterising angular-momentum transport by a single viscosity coefficient. V55 VERIFICATION BASIS: not consulted in session; no research tool was available. Title, volume and page are from recall and must be checked.
Astronomy and Astrophysics · 1973 · Partly verified
N. I. Shakura and R. A. Sunyaev, Astronomy and Astrophysics 24, 337 (1973)
Recorded on Black hole entropy
- Cygnus X-1 is localised and weighed
- Bekenstein assigns entropy to a black hole
- Hawking shows that black holes radiate
- Page states what unitarity requires of the radiation
- The Page curve is reproduced from within semiclassical gravity
- The first image of a black hole shadow is published
- The M87* ring is imaged in polarised light
- A second epoch shows the ring persists and the bright spot moves
Related
Related because they share a subject in the Atlas — never because the text looks similar.
- A second epoch shows the ring persists and the bright spot moves · 2024
- The M87* ring is imaged in polarised light · 2021-03
- The first image of a black hole shadow is published · 2019-04-10
- The Page curve is reproduced from within semiclassical gravity · 2019-2020
- Page states what unitarity requires of the radiation · 1993
- Hawking shows that black holes radiate · 1974
- Cygnus X-1 is localised and weighed · 1971-1972