Ancient DNA finds a mass movement from the steppe into Europe

Assembled from 31 blocks · 1 evidence · 26 related

1. Story
2. Population-scale ancient genomic studies published in 2015 reported a substantial influx of ancestry associated with the Yamnaya horizon of the Pontic–Caspian steppe into central Europe in the third millennium BCE, on a scale sufficient to reshape the gene pool of the regions affected. The finding supplied a demographic event of the right size, direction and date to have carried a language family, and shifted majority opinion back towards the steppe hypothesis. It does not by itself establish what the migrants spoke: genes and languages travel together often enough to be informative and separately often enough that the inference is not automatic.
3. Knowledge
4. Ancient DNA as a check on linguistic prehistory
5. Proto-Indo-European
6. The Pontic–Caspian steppe
7. Ancient DNA finds a mass movement from the steppe into Europe
8. Connections
9. Phylogeography puts the Indo-European homeland in Anatolia
10. Ancient DNA as a check on linguistic prehistory
11. The Pontic–Caspian steppe
12. Proto-Indo-European
13. The Pontic–Caspian steppe
14. Ancient DNA finds a mass movement from the steppe into Europe
15. Ancient DNA as a check on linguistic prehistory
16. Proto-Indo-European
17. Proto-Indo-European is spoken
18. Ancient DNA finds a mass movement from the steppe into Europe
19. A hybrid model is proposed for the Indo-European origin
20. Indo-European
21. The comparative method
22. Anatolia
23. The Pontic–Caspian steppe
24. Saussure posits consonants no language attests
25. Kuryłowicz matches Hittite h to Saussure's coefficients
26. Proto-Indo-European is spoken
27. A Bayesian phylogeny dates Indo-European to the Anatolian Neolithic
28. Ancient DNA finds a mass movement from the steppe into Europe
29. A hybrid model is proposed for the Indo-European origin
30. Evidence
31. Supports the finding of a large third-millennium-BCE influx of steppe-associated ancestry into central Europe. V55 verification basis: this session had no access to any source — WebFetch was egress-blocked for every host attempted and the WebSearch budget was exhausted before authoring — so the cited work was not retrieved, and no page, volume or figure quoted from it was re-checked. No percentage of ancestry replacement is quoted anywhere in this pack, because the regional figures could not be checked; a companion 2015 study reporting compatible results is not separately cited for the same reason.