Hawking radiation

Assembled from 19 blocks · 2 evidence · 9 related

1. Story
2. The thermal emission a black hole should produce when quantum field theory is applied to the curved spacetime around a horizon, derived by Stephen Hawking in 1974 in a calculation he had begun expecting to disprove Jacob Bekenstein's claim that black holes carry entropy. The temperature is inversely proportional to mass: about sixty billionths of a kelvin for a solar-mass hole, and correspondingly smaller for anything larger. That is the reason it has never been observed and may never be. The cosmic microwave background is at about 2.7 kelvin, so every known black hole absorbs vastly more than it radiates and none will begin net evaporation until the universe has expanded and cooled by many orders of magnitude. A solar-mass hole left alone would take on the order of ten to the sixty-seventh years to evaporate. Laboratory analogues in flowing fluids and Bose-Einstein condensates have produced signals consistent with the mechanism, but an analogue confirms the mathematics of horizons in a medium; it does not observe the astrophysical effect. Not a place on Earth.
3. Knowledge
4. Hawking radiation
5. Stephen Hawking
6. Connections
7. Stephen Hawking
8. Black hole entropy
9. The black hole information paradox
10. Hawking shows that black holes radiate
11. Hawking argues that information is destroyed
12. The Page curve is reproduced from within semiclassical gravity
13. Hawking radiation
14. Hawking shows that black holes radiate
15. Hawking argues that information is destroyed
16. Hawking concedes the information bet
17. Evidence
18. Derives thermal emission from a black hole horizon at a temperature inversely proportional to mass. V55 VERIFICATION BASIS: not consulted in session; no research tool was available. Volume and page are from recall of a canonical citation and must be checked. The fuller treatment appeared in Communications in Mathematical Physics in 1975 and is deliberately not cited by volume here.
19. Proposes that a black hole carries entropy proportional to the area of its horizon, in order to preserve the second law of thermodynamics. V55 VERIFICATION BASIS: not consulted in session; no research tool was available. Volume and page are from recall and must be checked.