Qing trade confined to Canton

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The Qing court restricted all Western maritime trade to Canton, where foreign merchants were confined to the Thirteen Factories on the Pearl River, could not enter the city or the interior, could not deal directly with producers, and had to transact through the licensed Cohong. The system channelled an enormous tea export through one legal aperture, which the Qing state taxed and supervised. It also meant European buyers knew almost nothing about where tea was grown or how it was made — an ignorance that shaped everything that followed.

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