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Ekman publishes the theory of wind-driven surface transport

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Ekman's paper "On the Influence of the Earth's Rotation on Ocean-Currents" showed that friction transmitted downward from the wind, combined with the Coriolis force, produces a velocity spiral with depth and a net transport perpendicular to the wind. The 20-to-40-degree surface deflection Nansen saw falls out of the same solution. Convergence and divergence of this transport is what drives both the gyres and coastal upwelling.

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