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LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite)

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A NASA impact experiment launched on 18 June 2009 aboard an Atlas V alongside the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. On 9 October 2009 at about 11:31 UTC its spent Centaur upper stage was steered into the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater at roughly 2.5 km/s. The shepherding spacecraft flew through the resulting ejecta plume for about four minutes, returning near-infrared and ultraviolet spectra before impacting itself. Analysis reported water in the ejecta at 5.6 ± 2.9 per cent by mass, alongside hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane, methanol and traces of mercury — the first direct measurement of water inside a lunar cold trap, and the single result that most changed the case for polar exploration.

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/atlas?object=MISSION_LCROSS