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Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO)

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A 325-metre instrumented tower standing in undisturbed forest in the Uatuma reserve northeast of Manaus, built as a joint Brazilian-German project and inaugurated in 2015. Its height is the point: shorter flux towers sample the air immediately above the canopy, which is influenced by whatever happens within a few kilometres, whereas a tower this tall reaches into air that has travelled across hundreds of kilometres of intact forest. It therefore measures what the Amazon does to the atmosphere at a scale no other ground installation reaches - greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosol formation from the forest's own volatile emissions, and the vertical structure of humidity and turbulence over a canopy. It sits in the reference condition against which degraded and cleared forest is compared, which is why an observatory in an area where nothing is happening is scientifically valuable.

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