The R-7 Semyorka

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The Soviet missile designed by Sergei Korolev's bureau that was simultaneously the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile and the world's first orbital launch vehicle, and whose descendants are still flying. It first flew successfully in August 1957 and placed Sputnik 1 in orbit that October. As a weapon it was close to useless: it burned liquid oxygen and kerosene, took many hours to prepare, could not be kept fuelled and ready, and needed an enormous fixed launch complex, so only a handful were ever deployed in a military role. As a demonstration it was decisive, and the two roles cannot be separated — the same performance that lifts a satellite into orbit will carry a warhead between continents, which is precisely what the world understood in October 1957. Its lasting significance is as a launcher: successively modified, the R-7 family became the Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz rockets, which is why a 1957 missile design is still the basis of crewed launches to orbit.

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