Tokamak (toroidal magnetic confinement)

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A tokamak confines a hot deuterium-tritium plasma in a torus using a strong toroidal magnetic field combined with a poloidal field generated by a large current driven through the plasma itself. That plasma current is what makes the tokamak both effective and awkward: it produces the twist needed for stable confinement, but it is not naturally steady, so pulsed or externally driven operation follows. Tokamaks hold every deuterium-tritium fusion power record ever set, all of them at JET, and the design underlies ITER, EAST, JT-60SA and the private-sector devices now under construction. The concept's central difficulty is holding density, temperature and energy confinement time high simultaneously and for long enough, which is the triple product. Reported long-pulse operation has advanced substantially: EAST sustained a high-confinement plasma for 1,066 seconds in January 2025, though with hydrogen-family fuel rather than a burning deuterium-tritium mix.

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