Sputnik 1 is launched

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A polished metal sphere well under a metre across, carrying batteries and two radio transmitters, was placed in an elliptical low Earth orbit by an R-7 from Tyuratam. It transmitted a repeating tone on two frequencies that any competent radio amateur could receive, which is why the achievement was independently confirmable within hours and unusually hard to dismiss. Its scientific yield was small. Its strategic meaning was immediate and correctly understood: the rocket that lifted it could deliver a warhead between continents, so the demonstration was of a weapon as much as of a satellite. The American response ran from the creation of a civilian space agency and a defence research agency to a federal education act.

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