Relativistic jet

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A collimated outflow of plasma launched from the immediate vicinity of an accreting black hole and travelling at a substantial fraction of the speed of light. M87 has the archetype: Heber Curtis, observing at Lick Observatory in 1918, described a curious straight ray attached to the galaxy's nucleus, more than sixty years before anyone could say what produced it. It extends thousands of light-years and shows apparent superluminal motion, a projection effect that itself demonstrates the bulk flow is relativistic. The leading explanation is the mechanism Blandford and Znajek described in 1977, in which magnetic field lines threading a spinning hole extract rotational energy electromagnetically - meaning the jet is powered by the black hole itself rather than only by the infalling gas. That is why the 2019 image mattered beyond the shadow: the inferred sense of rotation and the orientation of the emission were consistent with the direction of the jet already known from decades of radio observation. Not a place on Earth.

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