Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA)

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A five-country transfrontier conservation area spanning Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, established by treaty in 2011 and centred on the Okavango and Zambezi river basins. KAZA links national parks, forest reserves, game management areas, communal conservancies and community land into a single planning unit on the argument that dispersal between protected areas — not any one park — is what sustains large-mammal populations. A coordinated 2022 aerial survey estimated about 227,900 elephants across the surveyed KAZA strata, the largest savanna elephant population on the continent. The corridors themselves follow water, which is precisely where people farm, so the area is also where human–elephant conflict concentrates.