Community conservancy (CBNRM model)

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A governance model in which a defined community holds legal rights over wildlife and tourism revenue on communal land, in exchange for managing that land for conservation. Namibia's 1996 Nature Conservation Amendment Act is the reference implementation: by 2023 NACSO reported 86 registered communal conservancies covering roughly 166,184 km2 and involving about 244,587 people. Kenya's conservancies developed on different legal foundations, largely as leases from group-ranch members and individual landholders around parks such as Maasai Mara and Amboseli. The model's claim is that protection must pay the people who bear its costs; its recurring criticisms are elite capture, dependence on volatile tourism income, and the fact that costs (crop loss, livestock loss, injury) fall on households while benefits accrue to committees.

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