Fortress conservation

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The protected-area doctrine, inherited from colonial game-reserve practice, that wildlife is best conserved in areas emptied of resident human use and defended against it. It produced the boundary logic of Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Kruger, Etosha and Amboseli, and it is the model against which every subsequent reform in this Journey — restitution, conservancies, transfrontier corridors — is a reaction. The term is analytical and originates in critical conservation scholarship; it is not how the agencies applying the doctrine described themselves, and using it should not substitute for describing what was actually done in each case.

A node is not a place. Drawing it on a map would assert something about the world that no stored fact supports.