Fortress conservation

Assembled from 44 blocks · 2 evidence · 45 related

1. Story
2. The protected-area doctrine, inherited from colonial game-reserve practice, that wildlife is best conserved in areas emptied of resident human use and defended against it. It produced the boundary logic of Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Kruger, Etosha and Amboseli, and it is the model against which every subsequent reform in this Journey — restitution, conservancies, transfrontier corridors — is a reaction. The term is analytical and originates in critical conservation scholarship; it is not how the agencies applying the doctrine described themselves, and using it should not substitute for describing what was actually done in each case.
3. Knowledge
4. Serengeti National Park
5. Kruger National Park
6. Fortress conservation
7. Connections
8. Community conservancy (CBNRM model)
9. Etosha National Park
10. Kruger National Park
11. Serengeti National Park
12. Etosha proclaimed Game Reserve No. 2 by the German colonial administration
13. Kruger National Park constituted from the Sabi and Shingwedzi reserves
14. Serengeti National Park established on land used by Maasai pastoralists
15. Makuleke community forcibly removed from Pafuri into Kruger National Park
16. Tanzania begins relocating residents from Ngorongoro and demarcating Loliondo
17. Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
18. South African National Parks (SANParks)
19. Makuleke community
20. Fortress conservation
21. Kruger National Park constituted from the Sabi and Shingwedzi reserves
22. Makuleke community forcibly removed from Pafuri into Kruger National Park
23. Makuleke land claim settled; about 25,000 hectares of Kruger restored in title
24. Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus)
25. Maasai Mara National Reserve
26. Mara River
27. Serengeti–Mara Rainfall Gradient
28. Serengeti Biodiversity Programme
29. Rinderpest disappears from the Serengeti–Mara ecosystem
30. The wildebeest population irrupts from roughly 250,000 to over a million
31. Serengeti National Park inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List
32. Drought kills roughly a quarter of the wildebeest population
33. Edge degradation squeezes wildlife into the ecosystem core
34. The Mara River crossings
35. TAWIRI Aerial Point Survey estimates 1,366,109 wildebeest
36. AI satellite survey returns fewer than 600,000, and is contested
37. Ngorongoro Conservation Area
38. Maasai
39. Fortress conservation
40. Serengeti National Park established on land used by Maasai pastoralists
41. Serengeti closed to residence; Ngorongoro Conservation Area created and Maasai evicted from the plains
42. Evidence
43. The Makuleke were removed from the Pafuri area in 1969 and their land incorporated into Kruger National Park; a 1998 settlement restored roughly 25,000 hectares in title on condition of continued conservation use, with commercial rights to the community. South African protected areas were expanded through forced removals that post-1994 restitution law reopened as legal questions.
44. Two 1959 statutes closed Serengeti National Park to human habitation and created the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (about 8,292 km2) as a multiple-land-use area for Maasai evicted from the plains; Maasai residents state in their own submission that permanent residence and grazing were the consideration for leaving the Serengeti, and that later restrictions and the relocation programme break that undertaking.