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Atlas · the whole corpus

When these happened

919 dated records from 3005 BCE to 2062. Each is drawn as wide as its date is certain — a band is a band because nobody knows the year, not because the drawing is imprecise.

3000 BCE2500 BCE2000 BCE1500 BCE1000 BCE500 BCE0500100015002000Austronesian speakers move out of Taiwan — ~3000 BCEThe Bantu expansion begins in the Nigeria–Cameroon borderland — ~3000 BCEProto-Indo-European is spoken — ~3000 BCEThe Great Pyramid is built as mass, not span — c. 2600-2560 BCEThe sarsen circle and trilithons are raised at Stonehenge — c. 2500 BCELapita voyagers enter Remote Oceania — c. 1350–800 BCEThe corbelled tholos at Mycenae sets a record that stands for fourteen centuries — c. 1250 BCETraditional foundation of the Roman Republic — 509 BCEBattle of Marathon — 490 BCEHerostratus burns the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus — -0356Construction of the Via Appia begins — 312 BCERoman builders adopt pozzolanic concrete — 3rd-2nd century BCEAshoka's bilingual Greek-Aramaic inscription at Kandahar — c. 260 BCEThe Punic Wars — 264-146 BCECouncil at Pataliputra and the despatch of Buddhist missions (traditional account) — c. 250 BCEAn earthquake breaks the Colossus of Rhodes at the knee — -0226Tea buried in the Han Yangling mausoleum — c. 141 BCEZhang Qian is sent west by Emperor Wu — 138 BCEZhang Qian returns to Chang'an — 126 BCEAntipater of Sidon writes the earliest surviving list of seven wonders — -0100Han establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions — 60 BCECaesar crosses the Rubicon — -0049-01-10Assassination of Julius Caesar — -0044-03-15Battle of Actium — -0031-09-02The Augustan settlement: Octavian becomes Augustus — -0027The origin of life — by c. 3.5 Ga; contested claims to c. 4.2 GaThe Sun forms and settles onto the main sequence — ~4.6 billion years agoBuddhism attested in Han China — 1st - 2nd century CEAnthropomorphic Buddha images appear in Gandhara and Mathura — c. 1st century CEThe Pont du Gard carries an aqueduct on three tiers of arches — mid-1st century CEThe Great Oxidation Event — c. 2.43–2.22 GaThe end-Ordovician mass extinction — c. 445.2–443.8 MaThe Cambrian explosion — c. 538.8–515 MaThe first stars form from metal-free gas — ~13.6 billion years agoAbu Simbel cut apart and rebuilt on higher ground — 1964/1968-09-22A circumpolar current becomes possible — c. 34–24 Ma (contested; some evidence points to the late Miocene)The Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction — 66.043 ± 0.043 MaInauguration of the Flavian Amphitheatre — 0080The Colosseum opens: arch and concrete at civic scale — 80 CEHan campaigns against Dayuan for the Ferghana horses — 104-101 BCEThe Pantheon dome spans about 43 m in unreinforced concrete — c. 113-125 CE (traditionally 126 CE)The empire reaches its greatest territorial extent — 0117Construction of Hadrian's Wall begins — 0122The end-Triassic mass extinction — c. 201.4 MaThe Antonine Constitution (Constitutio Antoniniana) — 0212The end-Permian mass extinction — 251.902 ± 0.024 MaArmenia's traditional adoption of Christianity as state religion — 301 CEThe Sogdian Ancient Letters are abandoned west of Dunhuang — ~313 CEThe 'Edict of Milan' — toleration and restitution in the Roman Empire — 313 CEAksum adopts Christianity under King Ezana — c. 330 - 356 CEDedication of Constantinople — 0330-05-11First cave cut at Mogao (traditional date) — 366 CETraditional founding of the first cave at Mogao — 366 CEThe Late Devonian crisis — c. 372 Ma and c. 359 MaAdministrative division of the empire on the death of Theodosius I — 0395The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is pulled down — 0401Alaric's Goths sack Rome — 0410-08-24The Statue of Zeus at Olympia is lost — 0475Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus - the contested 'fall' of the Western Roman Empire — 0476-09-04Dark earths accumulate under long-term settlement — c. 2,500 - 500 years before presentCompilation of the Corpus Iuris Civilis — 529-534 CEJustinian commissions Hagia Sophia from two geometers — 532Hagia Sophia is dedicated — 537-12-27Silkworm cultivation reaches Byzantium — ~550s CEThe first dome of Hagia Sophia collapses — 558-05The steeper dome is dedicated — 562-12-24Tea-for-horse exchange between China and Tibet — 618–1279The Hijra — the Muslim community's migration from Mecca to Medina — 622 CEXuanzang travels to India and back — 629-645 CEXuanzang's overland journey to India and return — 629 - 645 CEAlopen reaches Chang'an — 635 CEAlopen received at the Tang court — 635 CETang conquest of Gaochang and the Anxi Protectorate — 640 CEFall of the Sasanian Empire to the Rashidun Caliphate — 651 CEThe bronze of the Colossus is sold for scrap — 0653Arab conquest of Transoxiana — 705-715 CEZoroastrian migrants reach Gujarat — the Parsi settlement — 716 or 936 CE (disputed)Battle of Talas — 751 CEConstruction of Borobudur under Shailendra patronage — c. 780 - 850 CEThe Nestorian Stele is erected at Chang'an — 781 CEThe Xi'an stele is erected — 781-02-04Ziryāb arrives at the Umayyad court of Córdoba — 822The Dunhuang Diamond Sutra is printed — 868 CEConstruction phases of the Great Mosque at Kilwa Kisiwani — 10th - 13th century CEMogao Cave 17 is sealed — ~1000 CEA guest star appears in Taurus and is recorded in East Asia — 1054 (first sighting commonly given as 4 July; contested)Durham roofs a great nave with ribbed vaults — c. 1093-1133Suger's choir at Saint-Denis is consecrated — 1144Notre-Dame de Paris is begun — 1163Fire destroys most of Chartres Cathedral — 1194-06-10Temujin is proclaimed Chinggis Khan — 1206The high vaults of Chartres close at about 36-37 m — c. 1220Mongol destruction of Merv — 1221Chartres is consecrated — 1260Marco Polo's journey to Asia and back — 1271-1295A European lute is depicted in the Libro de los juegos — c. 1283The earthquake and tsunami of 1303 extinguish the Pharos — 1303Plague strikes the besieging army at Kaffa — 1346Plague reaches the Mediterranean — 1347The ruling house of Malacca adopts Islam — 15th century CEThe seven Ming treasure voyages — 1405–1433Portugal takes Ceuta — 1415-08-21Gil Eanes passes Cape Bojador — 1434Ottoman capture of Constantinople — 1453-05-29Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa — 1488Granada falls and the Andalusi repertoire crosses to the Maghreb — 1492Columbus makes landfall in the Bahamas — 1492-10-12The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the ocean — 1494-06-07Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut — 1498-05-20Cabral sights the coast of Brazil — 1500-04-22Maize appears in Chinese local records — mid-16th centuryThe transatlantic trade in enslaved people operates — c. 1501 – 1866The Casa de Contratación is established at Seville — 1503Albuquerque takes Malacca — 1511-08The Magellan expedition sails from Sanlúcar — 1519-09-20Smallpox reaches Tenochtitlan — 1520 (autumn–winter)Magellan is killed at Mactan — 1521-04-27The Victoria completes the first circumnavigation — 1522-09-06The Treaty of Zaragoza settles the Moluccas by sale — 1529-04-22Orellana descends the river to the Atlantic — 1541-1542Silver ore is registered at the Cerro Rico of Potosí — 1545Urdaneta finds the return route across the Pacific — 1565A documented consignment of potatoes reaches Europe — 1567Mercury amalgamation and the mita transform Potosí — 1570sManila is founded as the eastern terminus — 1571Tea first shipped to Europe by sea — c. 1610Atmospheric CO₂ reaches a minimum recorded in Antarctic ice — c. 1610Hans Sloane records gourd lutes in Jamaica — 1687–1688The transatlantic slave trade reaches its peak volume — 18th centuryDarby smelts iron with coke at Coalbrookdale — 1709The first commercially successful steam engine begins pumping — 1712Parliament bans the use of printed calicoes — 1721The Stono Rebellion — 1739-09-09The South Carolina Negro Act prohibits drums — 1740-05-10Qing trade confined to Canton — 1757Hargreaves devises the spinning jenny — c. 1764The peak of parliamentary enclosure — 1760–1830The Bridgewater Canal opens from Worsley into Manchester — 1761Arkwright patents the water frame — 1769The Gulf Stream is charted to explain slow mail — 1769Watt patents the separate condenser — 1769Cromford Mill begins spinning — 1771Cook crosses the Antarctic Circle — 1773-01-17Boston Tea Party — 1773-12-16Boulton and Watt form their partnership — 1775Crompton completes the spinning mule — 1779The Iron Bridge opens over the Severn — 1781-01-01Jefferson names the banjar and its origin — 1781The rotative engine turns a shaft — 1781–1782Cort patents grooved rolling and puddling — 1783–1784Commutation Act cuts British tea duty — 1784Arkwright's patents are overturned — 1785Cartwright patents the power loom — 1785Jones states the Indo-European hypothesis in Calcutta — 1786-02-02Jenner inoculates James Phipps with cowpox — 1796-05-14The first factory statute is passed and largely ignored — 1802The last Manila galleon sails — 1815New Orleans confines Sunday gatherings to Congo Square — 1817Rask publishes the Germanic consonant correspondences — 1818The handloom weavers are displaced — 1820s–1840sAntarctica is sighted - by whom is disputed — 1820 (contested)Grimm formulates the first sound shift as a system — 1822Robert Bruce shown tea growing in Assam — 1823Gompertz describes the exponential rise of adult mortality — 1825The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens — 1825-09-27The Rainhill trials settle the question of traction — 6–14 October 1829Blackface performers take up the banjo — 1830sThe Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens — 1830-09-15The Factory Act creates an inspectorate — 1833East India Company's China monopoly ends; Tea Committee founded — 1834The Opium Wars — 1839–1860First Assam tea auctioned in London — 1839-01-10Lin Zexu destroys confiscated opium at Humen — 1839-06-03/1839-06-25First tea planted at Darjeeling — 1841Chadwick reports on the sanitary condition of the labouring population — 1842Darwin publishes The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs — 1842Women and young boys are barred from working underground — 1842Treaty of Nanking — 1842-08-29Maury issues the Wind and Current Chart of the North Atlantic — 1847The Ten Hours Act limits the working day for women and young persons — 1847Robert Fortune removes tea plants and tea makers from China — 1848–1851The Great Exhibition — 1 May – October 1851The census records an urban majority — 1851The Brussels maritime conference standardises ocean observation — 1853-08-23Otis demonstrates the elevator safety brake — 1854The Broad Street pump handle is removed — 1854-09-08The Physical Geography of the Sea is published — 1855Bessemer describes the converter to the British Association — 1856-08Mausoleum sculpture is removed to the British Museum — 1857The first Atlantic telegraph cable is completed — 1858-08-05The 1858 cable fails — 1858-09-18Alvan Graham Clark sees Sirius B — 1862-01-31A permanent Atlantic cable lands at Heart's Content — 1866Monier patents iron-reinforced cement — 1867The Ottoman Porte grants Hirsch the Constantinople–Vienna railway concession — 1869-04-17Nagelmackers founds the sleeping-car company at Liège — 1872-10-01HMS Challenger sounds the deep that will bear her name — 1875Richthofen coins the term Seidenstrasse — 1877Edison demonstrates recorded and reproduced sound — 1877Verner explains the exceptions to Grimm's Law — 1877The Neogrammarian doctrine: sound laws admit no exception — 1878Saussure posits consonants no language attests — 1879The first Express d'Orient leaves the Gare de l'Est — 1883-10-04The Paris convention on submarine cables is signed — 1884-03-14The Home Insurance Building is completed in Chicago — 1885The last spike is driven at Craigellachie — 1885-11-07Berliner patents the gramophone — 1887-11-08First through Paris–Constantinople run entirely by rail — 1889-06-01Sirkeci Terminal opens as the European terminus at Constantinople — 1890-11-03Construction of the Trans-Siberian begins — 1891Valerios Stais excavates the Tumulus of the Athenians — 1891The Hennebique system makes reinforced concrete a frame — 1892Nansen observes ice drifting to the right of the wind — 1893–1896The first modern Olympic marathon, Marathon to Athens — 1896-04-10The first Boston Marathon — 1897-04-19Work begins on the Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria — 1897-07W. C. Handy hears a guitarist at Tutwiler station — c. 1903Wang Yuanlu opens Mogao Cave 17 — 1900Train ferries begin crossing Lake Baikal — 1900Rails are laid across the frozen surface of Lake Baikal — winter 1903–1904The longest blue whale on record is measured at South Georgia — 1909 or c.1912 (sources disagree)Son travels from Oriente to Havana — c. 1909First trains run on the Circum-Baikal shore line — 1904-09Whaling begins at Grytviken, South Georgia — 1904-11-16Ekman publishes the theory of wind-driven surface transport — 1905The Boğazköy tablet archives are excavated — 1906Etosha proclaimed Game Reserve No. 2 by the German colonial administration — 1907The Dunhuang manuscripts are dispersed — 1907-1908Routine chlorination of a municipal water supply begins in the United States — 1908The 1908 Olympic marathon fixes 26 miles 385 yards — 1908-07-24Walcott locates the Burgess Shale beds — 1909Keel of yard number 401 laid at Harland and Wolff — 1909-03-31The Spiral Tunnels open and the Big Hill is retired — 1909-09-01Hiram Bingham reaches Machu Picchu — 1911Hertzsprung and Russell independently plot luminosity against temperature — 1911-1913Titanic launched at Belfast — 1911-05-31Amundsen reaches the South Pole — 1911-12-14The Griffin plan wins the Canberra competition — 1912The international federation is founded — 1912–1913Scott reaches the South Pole and finds he is second — 1912-01-17Sea trials in Belfast Lough and delivery to White Star — 1912-04-02Maiden voyage departs Southampton — 1912-04-10 12:00Titanic anchors in Cherbourg roadstead — 1912-04-10 18:30Titanic sails from Cherbourg for Queenstown — 1912-04-10 20:10Titanic anchors off Roche's Point, Queenstown — 1912-04-11 11:30Titanic sails for New York — last sight of land — 1912-04-11 13:30Baltic's ice warning handed to Ismay and pocketed — 1912-04-14 13:42Mesaba reports heavy pack ice and bergs directly ahead — 1912-04-14 21:40Californian's ice message cut off — 'keep out, I am busy' — 1912-04-14 22:55Iceberg sighted and struck — 1912-04-14 23:40Andrews establishes the ship cannot float — 1912-04-15 00:05First distress call transmitted — CQD, later SOS — 1912-04-15 00:15First lifeboat lowered; first distress rocket fired — 1912-04-15 00:45Titanic founders — 1912-04-15 02:20Lights fail and the hull breaks in two — 1912-04-15 02:18Last boat launched from the davits — 1912-04-15 02:05Carpathia reaches the boats and begins the rescue — 1912-04-15 04:00Cable ship Mackay-Bennett sails from Halifax to recover the dead — 1912-04-17Carpathia lands the survivors at New York — 1912-04-18 21:30US Senate inquiry opens at the Waldorf-Astoria — 1912-04-19British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry opens in London — 1912-05-02US Senate report submitted — 1912-05-28Mersey report published — 1912-07-30International Ice Patrol established — 1914International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea signed in London — 1914-01-20Hrozný identifies Hittite as an Indo-European language — 1915Einstein presents the field equations of general relativity — 1915-11The Amur Railway completes an all-Russian route to the Pacific — 1916The Great Migration — 1916–1970Schwarzschild solves the field equations for a point mass — 1916"Pelo Telefone" is registered — 1916-11-27The first jazz record is made — 1917-02-26Heber Curtis records a curious straight ray in Messier 87 — 1918The Simplon Orient Express takes the southern route — 1919-04-11The Svalbard Treaty is signed at Paris — 1920-02-09Mamie Smith records "Crazy Blues" — 1920-08-10KDKA broadcasts — 1920-11-02The 1908 distance becomes the world standard — 1921The Union Limited and Union Express begin running to the mail ships — 1923Boston lengthens its course and moves the start to Hopkinton — 1924Victor and Columbia adopt electrical recording — 1925The factory ship Lancing takes a stern slipway south — 1925Payne concludes that stars are mostly hydrogen - and disclaims it — 1925Kruger National Park constituted from the Sabi and Shingwedzi reserves — 1926Kuryłowicz matches Hittite h to Saussure's coefficients — 1927The Kumasi Trio record in London — 1928Fleming observes lysis around a Penicillium colony — 1928-09The Ghan begins running on the Central Australia Railway — 1929-08The Grand Banks earthquake breaks cables in sequence — 1929-11-18The Antarctic blue whale catch reaches its all-time peak — 1930/31 seasonA maximum mass for ideal white dwarfs is published — 1931Demolition supplies the evidence for the claim — 1931The Lomaxes record Lead Belly at Angola — 1933-07Baade and Zwicky propose supernovae and neutron stars — 1934Caloric restriction extends rodent lifespan — 1935Wright publishes the airframe cost-quantity relationship — 1936Alan Lomax records Jelly Roll Morton at the Library of Congress — 1938Oppenheimer and Snyder compute continued gravitational contraction — 1939Muddy Waters is recorded at Stovall Farm — 1941The first patient is treated with penicillin at Oxford — 1941-02The Blue Train name is adopted — 1946Sprigg notices impressions at the Ediacara mine — 1946The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is signed — 1946-12-02Truman asks Congress to support Greece and Turkey — 1947-03-12The heaviest blue whale on record is weighed — 1947-03-20Marshall proposes European economic recovery — 1947-06-05Stommel explains why the fast currents are on the west — 1948The Berlin blockade and airlift — 1948-06-24 – 1949-05-12The North Atlantic Treaty is signed in Washington — 1949-04-04The Soviet Union tests its first nuclear device — 1949-08-29The Korean War — 1950-06-25 – 1953-07-27Serengeti National Park established on land used by Maasai pastoralists — 1951Spitzer proposes the stellarator; Project Matterhorn begins at Princeton — 1951Dahl links Malagasy to Ma'anyan of southeastern Borneo — 1951The first edition of Ethnologue — 1951Drilling on Enewetak reaches volcanic basement beneath the reef — 1952Glottochronology proposes to date language splits arithmetically — 1952Bell Telephone Laboratories announce the practical silicon solar cell — 1954-04-25The Vietnam War — 1955–1975 (major US ground commitment 1965–1973)The Warsaw Treaty is signed — 1955-05-14TAT-1 opens with 36 telephone circuits — 1956-09-25B2FH sets out the synthesis of the elements in stars — 1957The International Geophysical Year puts twelve nations on the ice at once — 1957-07 / 1958-12The R-7 completes a successful full-range flight — 1957-08Sputnik 1 is launched — 1957-10-04The Cable Damage Committee is established — 1958-05-22Serengeti closed to residence; Ngorongoro Conservation Area created and Maasai evicted from the plains — 1959Luna 1 passes the Moon — 1959-01-04Luna 2 reaches the surface — 1959-09-14Luna 3 passes the Moon — 1959-10-07The Antarctic Treaty is signed at Washington — 1959-12-01Blue whale song frequencies are observed falling worldwide — 1960s-2000sRinderpest disappears from the Serengeti–Mara ecosystem — c. 1960–1964Trieste reaches the bottom of the Challenger Deep — 1960-01-23International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia — 1960-03/1980-03-10Brasília is inaugurated — 1960-04-21Human diploid cells are shown to have a finite replicative capacity — 1961Kennedy commits the United States to a crewed lunar landing — 1961-05-25The Antarctic Treaty enters into force — 1961-06-23The Berlin sector border is sealed — 1961-08-13American and Soviet tanks face each other on Friedrichstrasse — 1961-10-27 – 1961-10-28Telstar 1 relays the first live transatlantic television — 1962-07-10The Communications Satellite Act creates a commercial satellite operator — 1962-08-31A U-2 photographs missile construction in western Cuba — 1962-10-14The Cuban missile crisis — 1962-10-16 – 1962-10-28The B-59 submarine incident — 1962-10-27Mariner 2 passes Venus — the first successful planetary flyby — 1962-12-14Kerr finds the rotating solution — 1963Greenberg reduces Africa to four families — 1963The wildebeest population irrupts from roughly 250,000 to over a million — 1963–1977The Partial Test Ban Treaty is signed in Moscow — 1963-08-05The Washington–Moscow direct link comes into operation — 1963-08-30The term "black hole" enters use — c. 1964-1968A bright X-ray source is found in Cygnus — 1964Ranger 7 reaches the surface — 1964-07-31Flandro identifies a four-planet gravity-assist opportunity — 1965Penrose proves that collapse to a singularity is generic — 1965Whaling ends at South Georgia — 1965 (Grytviken); island operations described as running to 1971Ranger 8 reaches the surface — 1965-02-20Ranger 9 reaches the surface — 1965-03-24Intelsat I (Early Bird) becomes the first commercial geostationary satellite — 1965-04-06Mariner 4 passes Mars — the first close-up images of another planet — 1965-07-15The IWC protects blue whales from commercial hunting — 1966Women run Boston, unofficially and then officially — 1966–1972Luna 9 lands — 1966-02-03Luna 10 enters lunar orbit — 1966-04-03Surveyor 1 lands — 1966-06-02Lunar Orbiter 1 enters lunar orbit — 1966-08-14Luna 13 lands — 1966-12-24Apollo 1 fire kills three astronauts at Launch Complex 34 — 1967-01-27 18:31 ESTApollo 204 Review Board reports — 1967-04-05Surveyor 3 lands — 1967-04-20Surveyor 5 lands — 1967-09-11First Saturn V launch — Apollo 4, uncrewed — 1967-11-09Surveyor 6 lands — 1967-11-10A regularly pulsing radio source is identified — 1967-11-28A pulsar is found inside the Crab Nebula — 1968Surveyor 7 lands — 1968-01-10The Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature — 1968-07-01Warsaw Pact forces invade Czechoslovakia — 1968-08-20 – 1968-08-21Zond 5 passes the Moon — 1968-09-18Apollo 8 launches on the first crewed Saturn V — 1968-12-21 12:51 UTCApollo 8 enters lunar orbit and photographs Earthrise — 1968-12-24Makuleke community forcibly removed from Pafuri into Kruger National Park — 1969Apollo 11 launches from Launch Complex 39A — 1969-07-16 13:32 UTCEagle lands at Tranquility Base — 1969-07-20 20:17 UTCNeil Armstrong becomes the first person to walk on the Moon — 1969-07-21 02:56 UTCApollo 12 lands — 1969-11-19Etosha cut to 22,270 km2 to create apartheid 'homelands' — 1970The Grand Tour alignment — late 1970s launch window; recurs roughly every 175–176 yearsBR-163 opens between Cuiaba and Santarem — mid-1970sSoviet fleets take protected whales and file false returns — 1948-1970sConstruction of the Trans-Amazonian Highway begins — 1970-1972The Non-Proliferation Treaty enters into force — 1970-03-05Apollo 13 launches — 1970-04-11 19:13 UTCApollo 13 oxygen tank 2 ruptures — 1970-04-14 03:08 UTCApollo 13 crew returns alive — 1970-04-17 18:07 UTCThe first New York City Marathon, in Central Park — 1970-09-13Luna 16 lands — 1970-09-20Luna 17 · Lunokhod 1 lands — 1970-11-17The Cambridge re-description of the Burgess fauna begins — from 1971Cygnus X-1 is localised and weighed — 1971-1972The Carhuasanta stream on Nevado Mismi is identified as the Amazon source — 1971Apollo 14 lands — 1971-02-05Apollo 15 lands — 1971-07-30The full Grand Tour is cancelled and rebuilt as a two-spacecraft mission — 1972Luna 20 lands — 1972-02-21Apollo 16 lands — 1972-04-21SALT I and the ABM Treaty are signed in Moscow — 1972-05-26ERTS-1, later Landsat 1, begins the civil land-imaging record — 1972-07-23UNESCO General Conference adopts the World Heritage Convention — 1972-11-16Apollo 17 launches — the only night launch of a Saturn V — 1972-12-07 05:33 UTCChallenger lands in the Taurus–Littrow valley — 1972-12-11Eugene Cernan becomes the last person to stand on the Moon — 1972-12-14Bekenstein assigns entropy to a black hole — 1973Luna 21 · Lunokhod 2 lands — 1973-01-15Pioneer 10 passes Jupiter — the first spacecraft to reach the outer Solar System — 1973-12-03Amboseli gazetted as a national park, removing Maasai rights inside the boundary — 1974The first Berlin Marathon, in the Grunewald — 1974Curitiba opens the first bus rapid transit corridors — 1974Hawking shows that black holes radiate — 1974Mariner 10 uses Venus to reach Mercury — the first gravity assist to another planet — 1974-02-05Mariner 10 passes Mercury — the first spacecraft to reach it — 1974-03-29Pioneer 11 passes Jupiter, bending north toward Saturn — 1974-12Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act creates a single managing authority — 1975Mariner 10’s third and final Mercury pass — 1975-03-16The Convention enters into force — 1975-12-17Hawking argues that information is destroyed — 1976New York goes to five boroughs — 1976The conventional start of the photovoltaic module price series — 1976Luna 24 lands — 1976-08-18Kenya bans sport hunting nationwide — 1977A mechanism for extracting energy from a spinning black hole — 1977The Mara–Loita migration collapses by about 81% — 1977–2016The Inuit Circumpolar Council is founded — 1977Edge degradation squeezes wildlife into the ecosystem core — c. 1977–2018 (40-year record)Alvin finds hydrothermal vents on the Galapagos Rift — 1977-02The last Direct Orient Express leaves Paris for Istanbul — 1977-05-19Voyager 2 launches — 1977-08-20Voyager 1 launches — 1977-09-05The first Chicago Marathon, as the Mayor Daley Marathon — 1977-09-25The last naturally acquired smallpox case begins, at Marka — 1977-10-26The first properties are inscribed on the World Heritage List — 1978Kessler and Cour-Palais publish the collision cascade argument — 1978The first Navstar GPS satellite launches — 1978-02-22Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift published in Science — 1979The continuous satellite sea-ice record begins — 1979Isotope study quantifies Amazonian moisture recycling — 1979Voyager 1 closest approach to Jupiter — 1979-03-05Active volcanism found on Io — 1979-03-08Voyager 2 closest approach to Jupiter — 1979-07-09Pioneer 11 passes Saturn — the first spacecraft to reach it — 1979-09-01The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan — 1979-12 – 1989-02-15The Alvarez impact hypothesis is published — 1980BR-319 becomes impassable — late 1980sFries proposes the compression of morbidity — 1980Arianespace is founded as the first commercial launch services company — 1980-03The World Health Assembly declares smallpox eradicated — 1980-05-08CCAMLR is agreed at Canberra — 1980-05-20Voyager 1 passes Saturn and Titan, and leaves the plane of the planets — 1980-11-12The last narrow-gauge Ghan leaves Marree — 1980-11-25Chemoautotrophic symbionts identified in Riftia pachyptila — 1981The Great Barrier Reef is inscribed on the World Heritage List — 1981New York is remeasured and two world bests are voided — 1981–1985Serengeti National Park inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List — 1981The first London Marathon — 1981-03-29Voyager 2 passes Saturn and continues towards Uranus — 1981-08-25Berlin moves its marathon into the city — 1981-09-27The IWC adopts the commercial whaling moratorium — 1982The Venice Simplon-Orient-Express makes its inaugural run — 1982-05-25Caribbean-wide mass mortality of the long-spined sea urchin — 1983–1984Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative — 1983-03-23Vostok records minus 89.2 degrees Celsius — 1983-07-21Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down — 1983-09-01The Oko system reports a false American missile launch — 1983-09-26Exercise Able Archer 83 — 1983-11-07 – 1983-11-11Hou Xianguang finds the Chengjiang fauna — 1984Mass synchronous spawning described on the Great Barrier Reef — 1984The Long-Term Monitoring Program begins annual reef surveys — 1985Wreck located by the Argo camera sled — 1985-09-01The commercial whaling moratorium takes effect — 1986 (coastal); 1985/86 pelagic seasonVoyager 2 reaches Uranus — the only close encounter ever made — 1986-01-24Giotto passes through the coma of 1P/Halley — 1986-03-14First human visits to the wreck — 1986-07The Reykjavik summit — 1986-10-11 – 1986-10-12Mogao Caves inscribed on the World Heritage List — 1987The great ocean conveyor is drawn — 1987The erbium-doped fibre amplifier is demonstrated — 1987Language in the Americas, and its rejection — 1987SN 1987A: neutrinos from a collapsing core reach Earth — 1987-02-23 ~07:35 UT (neutrinos); optical discovery 1987-02-24The INF Treaty is signed in Washington — 1987-12-08Brazil's constitution recognises indigenous land rights as original — 1988INPE begins the annual PRODES deforestation series — 1988TAT-8, the first transoceanic fibre cable, enters service — 1988-12-14CITES CoP7 moves all African elephant populations to Appendix I — 1989The 52 Hz call is identified in Navy hydrophone data — 1989The International Coral Reef Initiative is formed — 1994 (announced; first workshop 1995)Rovos Rail runs its first train — 1989-04-29Voyager 2 passes Neptune and Triton, ending the planetary programme — 1989-08-25The Berlin Wall opens — 1989-11-09Galileo takes a gravity assist at Venus — 1990-02-10Voyager 1 photographs the solar system from outside it — 1990-02-14Hiten lands — 1990-03-19The Berlin Marathon runs through the Brandenburg Gate — 1990-09-30Chicxulub is identified as the K–Pg impact crater — 1991The SOSUS mission is declassified — 1991The Warsaw Treaty Organization dissolves itself — 1991START I is signed in Moscow — 1991-07-31The attempted coup against Gorbachev — 1991-08-19 – 1991-08-21The Madrid Protocol prohibits Antarctic mining — 1991-10-04The Belavezha accords — 1991-12-08The Soviet Union is formally dissolved — 1991-12-26Angkor inscribed on the World Heritage List and the danger list on the same day — 1992-12-14Drought kills roughly a quarter of the wildebeest population — 1993–1994Satellite tagging of eastern North Pacific blue whales begins — 1993A single-gene mutation doubles nematode lifespan — 1993Page states what unitarity requires of the radiation — 1993Underwater survey of the Pharos site begins off Qaitbay — 1994The Committee adopts the Global Strategy for a Balanced, Representative and Credible World Heritage List — 1994The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary is adopted — 1994The true scale of Soviet whaling is published — 1994Clementine enters lunar orbit — 1994-02-19Hubble photographs the Pillars of Creation — 1995JAMSTEC's Kaiko reaches the Challenger Deep floor — 1995Clearance reaches the highest annual figure in the record — 1995GPS reaches full operational capability — 1995-04-27Galileo enters orbit around Jupiter — the first outer-planet orbiter — 1995-12-07Namibia's Nature Conservation Amendment Act extends wildlife rights to communal-area residents — 1996The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System is inscribed as World Heritage — 1996Bahia de Loreto National Park is established — 1996-07-19The Arctic Council is founded at Ottawa — 1996-09-19JET's DTE1 campaign sets the first deuterium-tritium fusion power record — 1997Jeanne Calment dies at 122 years and 164 days — 1997-08-04The first global mass bleaching event — 1998Makuleke land claim settled; about 25,000 hectares of Kruger restored in title — 1998Lunar Prospector enters lunar orbit — 1998-01-11The first Argo floats go into the water — 1999Tagged whales confirm the Gulf of California as a wintering ground — 1999A published projection that reefs would bleach faster than they could recover — 1999Blust's Austronesian subgrouping places the deepest divisions in Taiwan — 1999Carbon-isotope evidence reported from 3.7 Ga Isua sediments — 1999Reclamation begins at Eko Atlantic — late 2000sSulfur mass-independent fractionation is proposed as an atmospheric oxygen proxy — 2000A language tree is tested against a settlement chronology — 2000TransMilenio opens in Bogotá — 2000Germany's Renewable Energy Sources Act takes effect — 2000-04-01Selective Availability is switched off — 2000-05-01Cassini passes Jupiter for a final speed boost toward Saturn — 2000-12-30The first paying private visitor reaches the International Space Station — 2001-04-28A star is tracked through a complete close approach to the Galactic centre — 2002The Gulf Stream is found not to explain Europe's mild winters — 2002Electrification of the Trans-Siberian is completed — 2002A Bayesian phylogeny dates Indo-European to the Anatolian Neolithic — 2003Singapore brings NEWater into service — 2003The Severomuysky Tunnel opens under the BAM's worst obstacle — 2003Construction begins at Songdo — 2003Galileo is flown into Jupiter to end its mission — 2003-09-21The NIA Interventions Testing Program begins — 2004The American Folklife Center acquires the Alan Lomax Collection — 2004A long-term decline in krill density is linked to winter sea ice — 2004PPCDAm launched and DETER alerts begin — 2004The Ghan runs through to Darwin for the first time — 2004-02-01The RAPID array begins continuous AMOC measurement at 26.5°N — 2004-04Twenty-two years of continuous AMOC observation — 2004-04 – 2023-01Angkor removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger — 2004-06Hawking concedes the information bet — 2004-07Cassini enters orbit around Saturn — 2004-07-01Metrocable Line K enters service — 2004-08-07SMART-1 enters lunar orbit — 2004-11-15Voyager 1 crosses the termination shock at about 94 AU — 2004-12-16The cultural and natural criteria are merged into a single set of ten — 2005A drought in the southwestern basin reverses the carbon sink — 2005Huygens lands on Titan — the only landing on an outer-system moon — 2005-01-14Caribbean elkhorn and staghorn corals listed as threatened in the United States — 2006Nigeria conducts its most recent census — 2006The Amazon Soy Moratorium is signed — 2006The World Marathon Majors series is announced — 2006-01-23East Asian connectivity degrades for weeks — 2006-12-26 – 2007-02Cables in the Luzon Strait break in sequence over nine hours — 2006-12-26 – 2006-12-27The Hengchun earthquake doublet off southern Taiwan — 2006-12-26 12:26 UTCGalápagos Islands placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger — 2007Arabian Oryx Sanctuary deleted — the first site ever removed from the World Heritage List — 2007Eleven cable ships repair the Luzon Strait cables — 2007-01 – 2007-02Drake Passage is measured and the ACC turns out to be larger — 2007–2011 (published 2016)The UN adopts voluntary space debris mitigation guidelines — 2007ImageNet is assembled and released — 2007–2009The world is reported to become majority urban — 2007A Chinese anti-satellite test destroys the Fengyun-1C weather satellite — 2007-01-11The first Tokyo Marathon — 2007-02-18New Horizons takes a gravity assist at Jupiter — 2007-02-28Egypt forces the Great Pyramid out of the New7Wonders ballot — 2007-04-20UNESCO publicly disowns the New7Wonders campaign — 2007-06-20The New7Wonders of the World are declared in Lisbon — 2007-07-07Voyager 2 crosses the termination shock at about 84 AU — 2007-08-30The Arctic summer minimum drops far below anything previously observed — 2007-09Kaguya (SELENE) enters lunar orbit — 2007-10-04The Argo design array is completed — 2007-11Chang’e 1 enters lunar orbit — 2007-11-05Chinese manufacturing takes over the photovoltaic supply chain — c. 2008–2013The United States opens the Landsat archive at no charge — 2008MESSENGER’s first Mercury pass — the first visit since 1975 — 2008-01-14Chandrayaan-1 enters lunar orbit — 2008-11-08A measured decline in Great Barrier Reef coral calcification is published — 2009-01Construction starts on the Lagos Blue Line — 2009Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan when started in late life — 2009Wisconsin reports that caloric restriction reduces age-related mortality in rhesus monkeys — 2009Drought sensitivity of the Amazon is published — 2009Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 collide — 2009-02-10Coral Triangle Initiative Leaders' Declaration at Manado — 2009-05Dresden Elbe Valley deleted — the second removal, by a vote of 14 to 5 — 2009-06Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter enters lunar orbit — 2009-06-23LCROSS Centaur impacts the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater — 2009-10-09 11:31 UTCThe name Orient Express leaves the European timetable — 2009-12-12The second global bleaching event — 2010A second severe drought follows within five years — 2010Centimetre-scale structures reported from 2.1 Ga Gabonese shales — 2010UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, third edition — 2010TAME is proposed as the first trial with an ageing endpoint — c. 2015 (status as of 2026 unconfirmed)Multibeam survey reports a 10,984 m maximum sounding — 2010Burj Khalifa opens at 828 m — 2010-01-04Chang’e 2 enters lunar orbit — 2010-10-06LCROSS results published: water measured in the Cabeus ejecta plume — 2010-10-22Five states sign the KAZA Transfrontier Conservation Area treaty — 2011The energetics of blue whale lunge feeding are modelled — 2011MESSENGER enters orbit around Mercury — the first craft to do so — 2011-03-18Dawn enters orbit around Vesta — 2011-07-16A deep convolutional network wins the ImageNet challenge — 2012Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger — 2012Twenty-seven years of monitoring show coral cover roughly halved — 2012First solo crewed dive to the Challenger Deep — 2012Phylogeography puts the Indo-European homeland in Anatolia — 2012The NIA rhesus study reports no significant survival benefit — 2012Annual clearance reaches its lowest recorded level — 2012The photovoltaic learning curve is popularised as Swanson's law — 2012GRAIL (Ebb and Flow) enters lunar orbit — 2012-01-01Wreck becomes eligible for UNESCO protection — 2012-04-15China announces the measured length of the Great Wall — 2012-06-05Fourteen of Timbuktu's sixteen inscribed mausoleums destroyed — 2012-06-30/2012-07-11Lagos State demolishes part of Makoko — 2012-07Voyager 1 crosses the heliopause at 121.6 AU — 2012-08-25The lowest Arctic sea-ice extent in the satellite record — 2012-09Ahmedabad adopts South Asia's first heat action plan — 2013The hallmarks of ageing are formalised — 2013The multi-tissue epigenetic clock is published — 2013The K–Pg boundary is dated to 66.043 ± 0.043 Ma — 2013Dedicated Antarctic Blue Whale Project voyages — 2013, 2015, 2019Tokyo becomes the sixth Major — 2013-02-24Bombings at the Boston Marathon finish line — 2013-04-15The 2012 crossing is confirmed from plasma oscillations — 2013-09-12LADEE enters lunar orbit — 2013-10-06Chang’e 3 · Yutu lands — 2013-12-14Chang'an-Tianshan corridor inscribed by UNESCO — 2014The end-Permian extinction is resolved to about sixty thousand years — 2014Pygmy blue whale movements between Australia and Indonesia are published — 2014So, How Deep Is the Mariana Trench? asks the question in print — 2014OSNAP is deployed across the subpolar North Atlantic — 2014Stony coral tissue loss disease first observed off Florida — 2014The third global bleaching event — 2014–2017Sentinel-1A launches and Copernicus data becomes free and open — 2014-04-03Okavango Delta inscribed as the 1,000th UNESCO World Heritage site — 2014-06-22Rosetta arrives at comet 67P — the first comet rendezvous — 2014-08-06Philae lands on 67P — the first landing on a comet — 2014-11-12The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory begins operating — 2015Ancient DNA finds a mass movement from the steppe into Europe — 2015CALERIE reports two-year results in humans — 2015The first senolytic drugs are identified — 2015Eastern North Pacific blue whales are estimated near carrying capacity — 2015Dawn enters orbit around Ceres — the first dwarf planet orbited — 2015-03-06MESSENGER strikes Mercury at the end of its mission — 2015-04-30New Horizons passes Pluto — the first close encounter — 2015-07-14The Temple of Bel at Palmyra destroyed — 2015-08-30A transatlantic cable is built to be short rather than large — 2015-09GW150914 - two black holes merge and the signal reaches Earth — 2015-09-14 09:50:45 UTCThe Paris Agreement is adopted at COP21 — 2015-12-12A Falcon 9 first stage lands after an orbital launch — 2015-12-21ITER adopts the 2016 reference baseline — 2016IODP–ICDP Expedition 364 drills the Chicxulub peak ring — 2016 (April–May)A natural limit to human lifespan is argued for, and disputed — 2016Medellín plants its green corridors — 2016–2019Structures at Isua are reported as 3.7 Ga stromatolites — 2016The Halley Bay emperor colony fails and does not recover — 2016 onwardA GPS ground-system error disrupts timing receivers worldwide — 2016-01-26The detection is announced and published — 2016-02-11Mass bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef — 2016-03 to 2016-04AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol in Seoul — 2016-03-09 to 2016-03-15Juno enters polar orbit around Jupiter — 2016-07-05Great Elephant Census reports 352,271 savanna elephants and a 30% decline — 2016-08-31ICC convicts Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi for the destruction of Timbuktu's mausoleums — 2016-09-27Rosetta is set down on 67P to end the mission — 2016-09-30CCAMLR adopts the Ross Sea marine protected area — 2016-10The Paris Agreement enters into force — 2016-11-04SEA-ME-WE 5 is ready for service — 2016-12-13Galileo declares initial services — 2016-12-15Haematite filaments are reported from Nuvvuagittuq vent precipitates — 2017A second consecutive year of mass bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef — 2017Tokyo redesigns its course for speed — 2017A recovered Falcon 9 booster is flown a second time — 2017-03-30The Event Horizon Telescope observes M87* and Sagittarius A* — 2017-04A neutron-star merger is detected in gravitational waves and light — 2017-08-17MAREA is completed across the Atlantic — 2017-09Cassini’s Grand Finale — flown into Saturn to end the mission — 2017-09-15The transformer is presented at NeurIPS — 2017-12-04 to 2017-12-09The Isua stromatolite claim is reassessed and rejected — 2018Belize's reef is removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger — 2018GLUE is saturated and SuperGLUE is built to replace it — 2018–2019A human-parity claim in translation fails under document-level evaluation — 2018Calment's record is publicly challenged — 2018Mortality is reported to plateau after age 105 — 2018The tipping point estimate is revised sharply downward — 2018The interval between severe bleaching events is measured, and it has collapsed — 2018-01The coral symbionts are reclassified into a family of genera — 2018S2 passes pericentre and its light is measurably redshifted — 2018-05Hayabusa2 arrives at Ryugu — 2018-06-27Russian Railways abandons Moscow time across the network — 2018-08-01Parker Solar Probe’s first perihelion pass — 2018-11Voyager 2 crosses the heliopause at 119 AU — 2018-11-05OSIRIS-REx arrives at Bennu — 2018-12-03The Changji–Guquan ultra-high-voltage link is commissioned — 2019INPE's director is dismissed after defending the deforestation data — 2019The Page curve is reproduced from within semiclassical gravity — 2019-2020A dated phylogeny puts Sino-Tibetan at roughly seven thousand years — 2019A second phylogeny puts the same family at roughly six thousand years — 2019Senolytics reach human patients for the first time — 2019New Horizons passes Arrokoth — the most distant body ever visited — 2019-01-01Chang’e 4 · Yutu-2 lands — 2019-01-03OSNAP moves the engine room out of the Labrador Sea — 2019-02Hayabusa2’s first touchdown collects a surface sample — 2019-02The first image of a black hole shadow is published — 2019-04-10Beresheet lands — 2019-04-11Fire destroys the roof and spire of Notre-Dame de Paris — 2019-04-15Five Deeps Expedition dives the Challenger Deep four times — 2019-04-28/2019-05-07The first sixty Starlink satellites are deployed — 2019-05-24Indonesia announces the capital move to East Kalimantan — 2019-08Chandrayaan-2 enters lunar orbit — 2019-08-20Betelgeuse fades by more than a magnitude — 2019-10 to 2020-03Measured global religious composition, 2010-2020 — 2020BeiDou-3 completes deployment and enters global service — 2020Neutrinos from the solar CNO cycle are detected — 2020AlphaFold2 is assessed blind at CASP14 — 2020 (CASP14)The orbit of S2 is shown to precess as general relativity predicts — 2020The numerical age of the Cambrian base is revised to 538.8 Ma — ICS chart, 2020s (edition not confirmed)The pandemic erases a decade of life expectancy gains — 2020–2021The Stonehenge sarsens are traced to West Woods — 2020World Athletics regulates the racing shoe — 2020-01-31Blue whales are found back at South Georgia — 2020-02OneWeb files for bankruptcy protection — 2020-03Submersible pressure transects across the Challenger Deep floor — 2020-06The Nobel Prize in Physics recognises black holes twice over — 2020-10-06OSIRIS-REx collects a sample from Bennu’s surface — 2020-10-20Chang’e 5 lands — 2020-12-01The Ryugu sample lands in Australia — 2020-12-05Aircraft profiles show the eastern Amazon emitting more carbon than it absorbs — 2021IPCC AR6 assesses AMOC decline as very likely and collapse as unlikely this century — 2021A radius is measured for the heaviest known neutron star — 2021Clearance reaches its highest level since the mid-2000s — 2021Revised depth of the Challenger Deep published — 2021The Line is announced — 2021-01The M87* ring is imaged in polarised light — 2021-03AlphaFold2 is published and the database opens — 2021-07Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City deleted — the third and most recent removal — 2021-07-21HYBRIT delivers the first hydrogen-reduced steel — 2021-08NIF exceeds the Lawson criterion for ignition — 2021-08-08BepiColombo’s first Mercury flyby — 2021-10-01Baleen whale consumption is re-measured, and the krill paradox sharpens — 2021-11A Russian anti-satellite test destroys Cosmos 1408 — 2021-11-15JET's DTE2 campaign releases 59 MJ in a single pulse — 2021-12The International Decade of Indigenous Languages — 2022–2032AI satellite survey returns fewer than 600,000, and is contested — 2022–2023 imagery; published 2025Mass bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef during a La Nina — 2022-03Seven Arctic states pause participation in the Arctic Council — 2022-03-03The black hole at the centre of our own galaxy is imaged — 2022-05-12Tanzania begins relocating residents from Ngorongoro and demarcating Loliondo — 2022-06-16The AlphaFold database expands to over 200 million structures — 2022-07-28Coordinated KAZA aerial survey estimates about 227,900 elephants — 2022-08/2022-10The FCC adopts a five-year post-mission disposal rule — 2022-09-29The emperor penguin is listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act — 2022-10-25CAPSTONE lands — 2022-11-13Artemis I launches uncrewed from Launch Complex 39B — 2022-11-16 11:47 UTCNIF achieves target gain greater than unity for the first time — 2022-12-05Artemis I splashes down after 25 days — 2022-12-11Danuri (KPLO) enters lunar orbit — 2022-12-16The only published Antarctic blue whale satellite tracks are released as data — 2023The most severe drought in the instrumental record — 2023-2024A hybrid model is proposed for the Indo-European origin — 2023Caloric restriction is reported to slow a pace-of-ageing measure — 2023The lithium price collapses after its 2022 peak — 2023–2024Antarctic meltwater is projected to slow the abyssal cell — 2023A randomised screening trial reports what AI-supported mammography actually changes — 2023–2026 (trial reports)Nigeria's census is postponed again — 2023NIST publishes a voluntary AI risk management framework — 2023-01Lime clasts reinterpreted as hot mixing and self-healing — 2023TAWIRI Aerial Point Survey estimates 1,366,109 wildebeest — 2023Artemis IV first crewed lunar south pole landing (planned) — planned — no earlier than 2028Antarctic sea ice reaches a record low, a year after the previous one — 2023-02Both cables to the Matsu Islands are cut within six days — 2023-02-02 – 2023-02-08OneWeb completes its first-generation constellation — 2023-03-26Hakuto-R Mission 1 lands — 2023-04-25A statistical early-warning analysis puts an AMOC collapse mid-century — 2023-07Extreme water temperatures in the Florida Keys kill nursery and wild coral — 2023-07The IMO adopts its revised greenhouse gas strategy — 2023-07A geostationary satellite antenna fails to deploy, triggering a record insurance year — 2023-07NIF repeats target gain and raises the yield to 3.88 MJ — 2023-07-30Chandrayaan-3 · Vikram and Pragyan lands — 2023-08-23The Committee declines, again, to place Venice on the danger list — 2023-09The Lagos Blue Line carries its first passengers — 2023-09The United Kingdom's fifth contract auction attracts no offshore wind bids — 2023-09The Bennu sample lands on Earth — 2023-09-24JET sets the single-pulse fusion energy record of 69.26 MJ — 2023-10-03Kelvin Kiptum runs 2:00:35 in Chicago — 2023-10-08GNoME is announced as 2.2 million new crystal structures — 2023-11JET ceases plasma operations after 105,842 pulses — 2023-12The first Global Stocktake calls for tripling renewable capacity — 2023-12ISO/IEC 42001 establishes a certifiable AI management standard — 2023-12The first calendar year above 1.5 °C above pre-industrial — 2024The threshold question is reframed as compounding disturbance — 2024A second epoch shows the ring persists and the bright spot moves — 2024LUCA is dated to about 4.2 Ga by phylogenomic analysis — 2024Clearance falls to its lowest level in roughly a decade — 2024Songdo passes 200,000 residents — and stays short on jobs — 2024SLIM lands — 2024-01-19A sinking ship's anchor severs Red Sea cables — 2024-02A physics-based early warning signal is proposed — 2024-02The first commercial manufacturing product returns from orbit — 2024-02JWST finds the compact object in SN 1987A — 2024-02-22IM-1 Odysseus lands — 2024-02-22The fifth mass bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef since 2016 — 2024-03Four cables fail off Côte d'Ivoire and thirteen countries lose connectivity — 2024-03-14The fourth global bleaching event is confirmed — 2024-04Crystallographers dispute the discovery claim — 2024-04Vogtle Unit 4 enters commercial operation — 2024-04NASA contracts for a vehicle to deorbit the International Space Station — 2024-06Chang’e 6 lands — 2024-06-01ITER presents an updated project baseline to the ITER Council — 2024-06-19The Altar Stone is traced to north-east Scotland — 2024-08The EU Artificial Intelligence Act enters into force — 2024-08-01Independence Day is marked at Nusantara — 2024-08-17The Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognises protein structure prediction — 2024-10NASA narrows candidate south polar landing regions to nine — 2024-10Ruth Chepngetich runs 2:09:56 in Chicago — 2024-10-13Cables and a power link are damaged in the Baltic Sea — 2024-11-17 – 2024-12-25NIF achieves ignition for the sixth time — 2024-11-18An international advisory body for cable resilience is created — 2024-11-29German power prices spike during a December Dunkelflaute — 2024-12GenCast is published with a like-for-like comparison against an operational ensemble — 2024-12NASA concludes the Orion heat shield investigation — 2024-12-05Notre-Dame de Paris reopens for worship — 2024-12-08Parker Solar Probe passes 6.1 million km from the Sun — 2024-12-24Digital mapping shows most of the Roman road network is unlocated — 2025Tigst Assefa sets a women-only world record in London — 2025California voluntary speed reduction reports its 2025 season — 2025 season (reported 2026)Payroll data shows a relative decline in entry-level employment in AI-exposed occupations — 2025Negotiation of the IMO Net-Zero Framework — 2025–2026The Line goes under feasibility review — 2025A capture-recapture abundance estimate for Antarctic blue whales is published — 2025The European Union sustainable aviation fuel blending obligation begins — 2025-01-01TAT-8 is lifted from the seabed — 2025BepiColombo’s sixth and final Mercury flyby — 2025-01-08Gaia stops observing — 2025-01-15Fire destroys a large part of the Moss Landing battery installation — 2025-01-16EAST sustains a high-confinement plasma for 1,066 seconds — 2025-01-20ECMWF makes a machine-learned forecast model operational — 2025-02-25Voyager 1's cosmic ray subsystem is switched off — 2025-02-25Blue Ghost Mission 1 lands — 2025-03-02IM-2 Athena lands — 2025-03-06Voyager 2's low-energy charged particle instrument is switched off — 2025-03-24China imposes export controls on rare earths and magnets — 2025-04The IEA publishes its first global analysis of energy and AI — 2025-04An audit finds the most-cited preference leaderboard is optimised rather than merely measured — 2025-04NIF reaches 8.6 MJ yield and a target gain of 4.13 — 2025-04-07Amazon begins deploying production broadband satellites — 2025-04-28Wendelstein 7-X sets a triple product record for long-duration plasmas — 2025-05-22A ship's captain is convicted for severing a cable — 2025-06-12A close companion to Betelgeuse is probably detected — 2025-07 (reported; detection observation December 2024)A randomised trial finds experienced developers slower with AI assistance — 2025-07-10The JMP reports flat urban water coverage — 2025-08-26Sydney runs its first race as the seventh Major — 2025-08-31SMW4 and IMEWE are cut near Jeddah — 2025-09-06A whole-labour-market analysis finds no economy-wide disruption yet — 2025-10A systematic review of 445 benchmarks reports pervasive validity failures — 2025-11The UN climate conference convenes at the mouth of the Amazon — 2025-11The core of 2Africa is completed — 2025-11-17The United States firm-adoption survey changes its question, and the number jumps — 2025-11-17World Urbanization Prospects 2025 changes the measurement — 2025-11-18The Commission proposes deferring the high-risk obligations — 2025-11-19Makoko is cleared again, and the legislature stops it — 2025-12 – 2026-02The AI Index records both fast benchmark movement and doubts about benchmarks — 2026The IEA reports data-centre electricity demand up about 17% in 2025 — 2026An individual Antarctic blue whale is re-sighted at South Georgia — 2026Nusantara's funding is cut and its status downgraded — 2026United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement takes effect — 2026-01Voyager 1's low-energy charged particle instrument due for shutdown — 2026 (announced plan)The second International AI Safety Report reports mixed labour findings — 2026-02NASA restructures Artemis: Artemis III re-scoped, landing moves to Artemis IV — 2026-02-27NASA pauses the Lunar Gateway in favour of surface infrastructure — 2026-03-24Artemis II launches — first crew beyond low Earth orbit since 1972 — 2026-04-01 22:35 UTCArtemis II rounds the lunar far side and breaks the Apollo 13 distance record — 2026-04-06Artemis II splashes down off San Diego — 2026-04-10 20:07 EDTThe first sub-two-hour marathon in a record-eligible race — 2026-04-26Cape Town is confirmed as the eighth Major — 2026-06NASA names the Artemis III crew — 2026-06-09El Niño Advisory in effect at the July 2026 CPC discussion — 2026-07-09The "Big Bang" power manoeuvre on Voyager 2 — 2026-07-09The deferral becomes law — 2026-07-27A constellation deployment milestone falls due — 2026-07-30The current state of the fourth global bleaching event is not established in this package — 2026-08 (state not established)BepiColombo Mercury orbit insertion — declared target — 2026-11Voyager 1 reaches one light-day from Earth — 2026-11-18 02:16 PST (computed)Gaia Data Release 4 scheduled — 2026-12 (planned)Commonwealth Fusion Systems' declared target for net energy gain at SPARC — 2027Blue Line phase 2 is targeted for passenger service — 2027 Q1 (target)Relaunch of an Orient Express train using rediscovered 1920s carriages — 2027 (target)Artemis III crewed low Earth orbit demonstration (planned) — planned — NASA target 2027Cape Town scheduled to run as a Major — 2027-05-23 (scheduled)High-risk obligations under the AI Act become applicable — 2027-12-02 (statutory deadline)International Space Station operations are planned to end — 2030 (planned)ITER's declared target date for the start of deuterium-tritium operation — 2039The Madrid Protocol becomes open to a review conference — 2048 (earliest possible review)Where the next billion city dwellers are projected to be — 2050 (projection)Singapore's water import agreement expires — 2061 (agreement expiry)
919 shown · 919 dated · 6 cannot be placed on an axis · Approximate or contested. Draw a band and do not sharpen its edges.
In order120
  1. ~3000 BCEAustronesian speakers move out of Taiwan

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  2. ~3000 BCEThe Bantu expansion begins in the Nigeria–Cameroon borderland

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  3. ~3000 BCEProto-Indo-European is spoken

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  4. c. 2600-2560 BCEThe Great Pyramid is built as mass, not span

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  5. c. 2500 BCEThe sarsen circle and trilithons are raised at Stonehenge

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  6. c. 1350–800 BCELapita voyagers enter Remote Oceania

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  7. c. 1250 BCEThe corbelled tholos at Mycenae sets a record that stands for fourteen centuries

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  8. 509 BCETraditional foundation of the Roman Republic

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  9. 490 BCEBattle of Marathon

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  10. -0356Herostratus burns the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  11. 312 BCEConstruction of the Via Appia begins

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  12. 3rd-2nd century BCERoman builders adopt pozzolanic concrete

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  13. c. 260 BCEAshoka's bilingual Greek-Aramaic inscription at Kandahar

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  14. 264-146 BCEThe Punic Wars

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  15. c. 250 BCECouncil at Pataliputra and the despatch of Buddhist missions (traditional account)

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  16. -0226An earthquake breaks the Colossus of Rhodes at the knee

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  17. c. 141 BCETea buried in the Han Yangling mausoleum

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  18. 138 BCEZhang Qian is sent west by Emperor Wu

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  19. 126 BCEZhang Qian returns to Chang'an

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  20. -0100Antipater of Sidon writes the earliest surviving list of seven wonders

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  21. 60 BCEHan establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  22. -0049-01-10Caesar crosses the Rubicon

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  23. -0044-03-15Assassination of Julius Caesar

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  24. -0031-09-02Battle of Actium

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  25. -0027The Augustan settlement: Octavian becomes Augustus

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  26. by c. 3.5 Ga; contested claims to c. 4.2 GaThe origin of lifesources disagree about the date

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  27. ~4.6 billion years agoThe Sun forms and settles onto the main sequence

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  28. 1st - 2nd century CEBuddhism attested in Han China

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  29. c. 1st century CEAnthropomorphic Buddha images appear in Gandhara and Mathura

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  30. mid-1st century CEThe Pont du Gard carries an aqueduct on three tiers of arches

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  31. c. 2.43–2.22 GaThe Great Oxidation Event

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  32. c. 445.2–443.8 MaThe end-Ordovician mass extinction

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  33. c. 538.8–515 MaThe Cambrian explosion

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  34. ~13.6 billion years agoThe first stars form from metal-free gas

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  35. 1964/1968-09-22Abu Simbel cut apart and rebuilt on higher ground

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  36. c. 34–24 Ma (contested; some evidence points to the late Miocene)A circumpolar current becomes possiblesources disagree about the date

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  37. 66.043 ± 0.043 MaThe Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  38. 0080Inauguration of the Flavian Amphitheatre

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  39. 80 CEThe Colosseum opens: arch and concrete at civic scale

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  40. 104-101 BCEHan campaigns against Dayuan for the Ferghana horses

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  41. c. 113-125 CE (traditionally 126 CE)The Pantheon dome spans about 43 m in unreinforced concrete

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  42. 0117The empire reaches its greatest territorial extent

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  43. 0122Construction of Hadrian's Wall begins

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  44. c. 201.4 MaThe end-Triassic mass extinction

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  45. 0212The Antonine Constitution (Constitutio Antoniniana)

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  46. 251.902 ± 0.024 MaThe end-Permian mass extinction

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  47. 301 CEArmenia's traditional adoption of Christianity as state religion

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  48. ~313 CEThe Sogdian Ancient Letters are abandoned west of Dunhuang

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  49. 313 CEThe 'Edict of Milan' — toleration and restitution in the Roman Empire

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  50. c. 330 - 356 CEAksum adopts Christianity under King Ezana

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  51. 0330-05-11Dedication of Constantinople

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  52. 366 CEFirst cave cut at Mogao (traditional date)

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  53. 366 CETraditional founding of the first cave at Mogao

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  54. c. 372 Ma and c. 359 MaThe Late Devonian crisis

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  55. 0395Administrative division of the empire on the death of Theodosius I

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  56. 0401The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is pulled down

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  57. 0410-08-24Alaric's Goths sack Rome

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  58. 0475The Statue of Zeus at Olympia is lost

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  59. 0476-09-04Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus - the contested 'fall' of the Western Roman Empire

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  60. c. 2,500 - 500 years before presentDark earths accumulate under long-term settlement

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  61. 529-534 CECompilation of the Corpus Iuris Civilis

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  62. 532Justinian commissions Hagia Sophia from two geometers

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  63. 537-12-27Hagia Sophia is dedicated

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  64. ~550s CESilkworm cultivation reaches Byzantium

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  65. 558-05The first dome of Hagia Sophia collapses

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  66. 562-12-24The steeper dome is dedicated

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  67. 618–1279Tea-for-horse exchange between China and Tibet

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  68. 622 CEThe Hijra — the Muslim community's migration from Mecca to Medina

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  69. 629-645 CEXuanzang travels to India and back

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  70. 629 - 645 CEXuanzang's overland journey to India and return

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  71. 635 CEAlopen reaches Chang'an

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  72. 635 CEAlopen received at the Tang court

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  73. 640 CETang conquest of Gaochang and the Anxi Protectorate

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  74. 651 CEFall of the Sasanian Empire to the Rashidun Caliphate

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  75. 0653The bronze of the Colossus is sold for scrap

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  76. 705-715 CEArab conquest of Transoxiana

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  77. 716 or 936 CE (disputed)Zoroastrian migrants reach Gujarat — the Parsi settlementsources disagree about the date

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  78. 751 CEBattle of Talas

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  79. c. 780 - 850 CEConstruction of Borobudur under Shailendra patronage

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  80. 781 CEThe Nestorian Stele is erected at Chang'an

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  81. 781-02-04The Xi'an stele is erected

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  82. 822Ziryāb arrives at the Umayyad court of Córdoba

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  83. 868 CEThe Dunhuang Diamond Sutra is printed

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  84. 10th - 13th century CEConstruction phases of the Great Mosque at Kilwa Kisiwani

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  85. ~1000 CEMogao Cave 17 is sealed

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  86. 1054 (first sighting commonly given as 4 July; contested)A guest star appears in Taurus and is recorded in East Asiasources disagree about the date

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  87. c. 1093-1133Durham roofs a great nave with ribbed vaults

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  88. 1144Suger's choir at Saint-Denis is consecrated

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  89. 1163Notre-Dame de Paris is begun

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  90. 1194-06-10Fire destroys most of Chartres Cathedral

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  91. 1206Temujin is proclaimed Chinggis Khan

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  92. c. 1220The high vaults of Chartres close at about 36-37 m

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  93. 1221Mongol destruction of Merv

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  94. 1260Chartres is consecrated

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  95. 1271-1295Marco Polo's journey to Asia and back

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  96. c. 1283A European lute is depicted in the Libro de los juegos

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  97. 1303The earthquake and tsunami of 1303 extinguish the Pharos

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  98. 1346Plague strikes the besieging army at Kaffa

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  99. 1347Plague reaches the Mediterranean

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  100. 15th century CEThe ruling house of Malacca adopts Islam

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  101. 1405–1433The seven Ming treasure voyages

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  102. 1415-08-21Portugal takes Ceuta

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  103. 1434Gil Eanes passes Cape Bojador

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  104. 1453-05-29Ottoman capture of Constantinople

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  105. 1488Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  106. 1492Granada falls and the Andalusi repertoire crosses to the Maghreb

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  107. 1492-10-12Columbus makes landfall in the Bahamas

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  108. 1494-06-07The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the ocean

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  109. 1498-05-20Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  110. 1500-04-22Cabral sights the coast of Brazil

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  111. mid-16th centuryMaize appears in Chinese local records

    Sources disagree, or the dating is contested. Stated, not resolved.

  112. c. 1501 – 1866The transatlantic trade in enslaved people operates

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  113. 1503The Casa de Contratación is established at Seville

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  114. 1511-08Albuquerque takes Malacca

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  115. 1519-09-20The Magellan expedition sails from Sanlúcar

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  116. 1520 (autumn–winter)Smallpox reaches Tenochtitlan

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  117. 1521-04-27Magellan is killed at Mactan

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  118. 1522-09-06The Victoria completes the first circumnavigation

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  119. 1529-04-22The Treaty of Zaragoza settles the Moluccas by sale

    It happened, and the record is settled.

  120. 1541-1542Orellana descends the river to the Atlantic

    It happened, and the record is settled.

120 of 919 shown, in date order — the figure above draws all 919. Continue from 1545 →

Not on the axis6
  • May–June (annual) — This recurs every year, so no single year on the axis is the answer.
  • late January – mid March (annual) — This recurs every year, so no single year on the axis is the answer.
  • May–July (annual) — This recurs every year, so no single year on the axis is the answer.
  • July–October (annual) — This recurs every year, so no single year on the axis is the answer.
  • mid-first millennium CE — No year could be read from this date without guessing at one.
  • early second millennium BCE — No year could be read from this date without guessing at one.